From 74d36ad0a7bca98d7e326526283dbe0f294ca0c1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: jumping283 <77177771+jumping283@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 24 Jan 2023 09:33:15 -0800
Subject: [PATCH] resource for project

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+```
+white shark ( Carcharodon
+carcharias )
+```
+```
+white shark ( Carcharodon
+carcharias )
+```
+### TABLE OF CONTENTS
+
+```
+Introduction
+Distribution
+Body structure
+Behaviour
+Reproduction
+Ecology
+Evolution
+```
+# white shark
+
+**white shark** , ( _Carcharodon
+carcharias_ ), also called **great
+white shark** or **white pointer** ,
+any member of the largest living
+species of the mackerel sharks (Lamnidae) and one of the most
+powerful and dangerous predatory sharks in the world. Starring as the
+villain of movies such as _Jaws_ (1975), the white shark is much
+maligned and publicly feared. However, surprisingly little is
+understood of its life and behaviour.
+
+## Distribution
+
+
+```
+white shark ( Carcharodon
+carcharias )
+```
+```
+White shark ( Carcharodon
+carcharias )
+```
+White shark populations are
+frequently centred in highly
+productive temperate coastal
+waters (that is, waters
+characterized by an abundance of
+fishes and marine mammals),
+such as off the coasts of the
+northeastern and western United
+States, Chile, northern Japan, southern Australia, New Zealand,
+southern Africa, and the Mediterranean. Some individual white sharks
+may travel far out to sea or into tropical waters, but field studies show
+that most return to these temperate feeding areas each year.
+
+## Body structure
+
+White sharks are large bulky
+fishes with a body shaped like a
+blunt torpedo. They have a
+sharply pointed conical snout,
+large pectoral and dorsal fins,
+and a strong crescent-shaped tail.
+Only the belly of white sharks is
+whitish. They have a contrasting
+pattern of dark blue, gray, or brown on their back and sides. They are
+amazing hunters armed with strong muscles, good eyesight, and a
+keen sense of smell. In addition, their massive jaws are armed with
+
+
+```
+white shark
+```
+large sharply pointed, coarsely serrated teeth. Each tooth is designed
+to cut flesh and can easily puncture and shatter bone. The largest fully
+grown white sharks do not exceed 6.4 metres (21 feet) in length. Most
+weigh between 680 and 1,800 kg (1,500 and 4,000 pounds), but some
+weighing more than 2,270 kg (about 5,000 pounds) have been
+documented.
+
+Most fish are ectothermic, or cold-blooded, but white sharks have a
+complex circulatory system that conserves heat generated through the
+contraction of swimming muscles. This heat is distributed throughout
+the body to warm its critical regions, giving the white shark a body
+temperature higher than the temperature of the surrounding water.
+This adaptation, called regional endothermy (which is a type of warm-
+bloodedness), allows the animal to be active in water that may be too
+cold for other species of predatory sharks.
+
+## Behaviour
+
+## Feeding habits
+
+```
+Newborn white sharks feed on
+fishes and other sharks. As they
+reach adulthood, their prey
+includes sea turtles, seals, sea
+lions, porpoises, dolphins, and
+small whales. Prey is usually
+hunted by ambush, where the
+```
+
+shark will attempt to rush the animal by surprise and inflict a sudden
+and massive fatal bite. Often this initial rush is so strong that the
+intense impact may send the prey out of the water or will send the
+shark into the air if it misses the target. The sharks will retire and wait
+for the prey to quickly die, giving rise to the terms _bite and spit_ or
+_bite and wait_ for this method of attack. White sharks are also
+opportunistic scavengers and will feed on the carcasses of whales and
+basking sharks; however, they are not indiscriminate.
+
+## Attacks on humans
+
+In the areas where they are most common, white sharks are
+responsible for numerous unprovoked, and sometimes fatal, attacks on
+swimmers, divers, surfers, kayakers, and even small boats. A white
+shark tends to inflict a single bite on its human victim and then
+retreat. In many instances, however, the shark does not return for a
+second bite. If the victim suffers a moderate bite, he or she may have
+time to seek safety. In situations where a large bite occurs, however,
+serious tissue and organ damage may result in death. A review of
+white shark attacks off the western United States showed that about 7
+percent of attacks were fatal, but data from other localities, such as
+South Africa, show fatality rates of more than 20 percent. Fatality
+rates as high as 60 percent have been recorded from attacks in the
+waters off Australia.
+
+Many researchers maintain that attacks on humans stem from the
+shark’s curiosity. In contrast, other authorities contend that these
+
+
+attacks may be the result of the shark mistaking humans for its natural
+prey, such as seals and sea lions. It is also possible that white sharks
+intend to attack humans where their normal prey may be scarce.
+
+## Social behaviour
+
+Little is known about the social behaviour and natural history of the
+white shark. There appears to be no apparent social structure;
+however, there is evidence that some sharks may be territorial and
+assume dominance hierarchies around feeding areas. White sharks are
+largely solitary, but some pairs have been seen to travel together and
+associate for long periods of time. Some individuals may reside
+within feeding areas throughout the year, whereas other individuals
+may leave the feeding area and migrate widely. For example, some
+white sharks off California have been tracked to Hawaii, and some
+South African white sharks have been tracked to southern Australia
+and back.
+
+## Reproduction
+
+Mating has yet to be fully documented in white sharks, but it is
+assumed to be similar to internal fertilization in most sharks—that is,
+the male inserts his claspers into the cloaca of the female. Courtship
+behaviour, if there is any, is unknown. Male white sharks reach sexual
+maturity at 3.5 to 4 metres (about 11.5 to 13 feet) in length and about
+10 years of age, whereas females reach sexual maturity at 4.5 to 5
+metres (about 15 to 16 feet) in length and 12 to 18 years of age.
+
+
+```
+marine food chain
+```
+Reproduction is viviparous (that is, fertilized eggs are retained within
+the body). Prior to birth, the young in the womb may feed on
+undeveloped eggs and possibly their unborn siblings. Litters consist of
+2 to 10 pups; the newborns are more than 1 metre (about 3.3 feet) in
+length. Gestation is thought to take about 12 months, and females are
+assumed to give birth in warm temperate and subtropical waters, but
+specific nursery areas are unknown.
+
+## Ecology
+
+## Role in marine food chains
+
+As top predators in marine food
+chains, white sharks have few
+natural enemies. While it is true
+that young white sharks are
+sometimes eaten by larger sharks
+(including other white sharks),
+they have fewer potential
+enemies as they grow. Adult white sharks fear few other animals;
+however, in at least one documented instance, an adult killer whale
+( _Orcinus orca_ ) attacked and killed an adult white shark. The most
+profound enemies of the white shark are human beings.
+
+## Conservation
+
+The white shark has been classified as a vulnerable species by the
+International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) since 1996.
+
+
+Its wide distribution throughout many areas of the ocean has made
+comprehensive population surveys difficult; however, catch-rate data
+collected by fishery officials worldwide suggest that the species may
+be undergoing a decline, but the white shark has only been assessed in
+selected regions, such as the Mediterranean Sea, where it is
+considered critically endangered.
+
+Humans hunt white sharks for a variety of reasons. They are a good
+food fish, and they are caught and sold commercially in many
+countries. Because of their impressive size and fabled ferocity, they
+are also highly prized sport fish, and their teeth are often treasured as
+jewelry. In addition, the jaws of large individuals can fetch thousands
+of dollars.
+
+Sharks of all types are also victims of finning, the practice of
+harvesting the lateral and dorsal fins and the lower tail fin from a
+shark by commercial fishing operations and others worldwide.
+Although the United States and several other industrialized countries
+have enacted laws that prohibit many shark-finning practices, white
+sharks continue to be hunted for their fins. In addition, many white
+sharks are caught accidentally in commercial fishing nets each year.
+Some of these sharks die in the nets; however, survivors may be killed
+intentionally for their fins and other parts by commercial anglers.
+
+White sharks are widespread. However, they are not common. They
+fill an important niche as a top predator and may help to keep
+populations of marine mammals in balance. Since they are positioned
+
+
+```
+great white shark
+```
+at the top of the food chain, they
+are never abundant. As a result,
+the removal of a few individuals
+can have a profound effect on
+the population. Since they grow
+slowly and produce few young,
+it takes a long time for
+populations to rebound, and harvesting has depleted populations of
+these sharks in many areas. Consequently, white sharks are legally
+protected in several places (such as Australia, South Africa, and
+California) despite their bad reputation. The protection of white
+sharks may even have economic benefits. For example, in waters that
+contain white sharks, boaters and dive operators earn tens of
+thousands of dollars yearly by featuring popular “shark dives” where
+guests can see white sharks from the safety of steel cages suspended
+in the water. Such a change in image from wanton killer to majestic
+predator may assure the future survival of white sharks.
+
+## Evolution
+
+According to the fossil record, modern white sharks evolved
+sometime between 10 million and 4 million years ago, from the
+middle of the Miocene Epoch (23 million to 5.3 million years ago)
+through the first half of the Pliocene Epoch (5.3 million to 2.6 million
+years ago), but their ancestors may date back to at least the Eocene
+Epoch (about 56 million to 34 million years ago). Early authorities
+
+
+maintained that white sharks were descended from the extinct
+megalodon ( _Carcharocles megalodon_ , formerly _Carcharodon
+megalodon_ )—the largest shark in the fossil record and now
+considered to be a member of the megatooth shark family
+Otodontidae.
+
+Newer paleontological interpretation is contentious, however, and two
+competing hypotheses have developed. In the first hypothesis, modern
+white sharks branched off from megatooth sharks to evolve alongside
+megalodon and other similar megatooth species. In contrast, the
+second hypothesis, based largely on 21st-century fossil finds and
+tooth analyses, suggests that modern white sharks descended from a
+line of ancient broad-toothed mako sharks—starting with
+_Carcharodon hastalis_. _C. hastalis_ had teeth similar in size and shape
+to those of modern white sharks but without serrations. These first
+white sharks likely first appeared during the middle of the Miocene
+Epoch. (However, some studies suggest that they may have evolved
+during the Oligocene Epoch [33.9 million to 23 million years ago].)
+Descendent species do not appear to have branched off from _C.
+hastalis_. Instead, white sharks are thought to have gradually
+transitioned from _C. hastalis_ to _C. hubbelli_ (between 8 million and 6
+million years ago) and then later to _C. carcharias_ (that is, modern
+white sharks) in a single evolutionary lineage, or chronospecies.
+Fossil discoveries suggest that tooth serrations characteristic of
+modern white sharks appeared gradually in the chronospecies,
+
+
+showing as small serrations in _C. hubbelli_ before becoming fully
+developed in _C. carcharias_.
+
+Douglas Long The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
+
+```
+Citation Information
+Article Title: white shark
+Website Name: Encyclopaedia Britannica
+Publisher: Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
+Date Published: 05 December 2022
+URL: https://www.britannica.comhttps://www.britannica.com/animal/white-shark
+Access Date: January 23, 2023
+```
+